Appendix III: Sample information sheet

A user-friendly information sheet example
Some guidance on drawing up information sheets for human research projects

Information sheets to obtain consent from people to participate in a research study are essential. While their content will vary according to each study, general principles remain, so here are some tips to help you draw up your information sheet. It is a great help to imagine that you or your child are the potential research participants: what would you like to know? Write in a friendly tone, be open and honest, use simple language, ask for participation and all should be well.

1. As an introduction, greet the reader, say who you are and which institution you represent. Some useful greetings are: 'Hello', 'Dear Parent', 'Dear Clinic Staff', 'Dear Student', 'Dear Colleague'. It is unwise to use 'Dear Volunteer' when the reader has not yet been asked to volunteer.
2. Give a brief background or reason for the study. Explain why you have approached the potential research participant.
3. Explain what you would like to do, how often you need to do it, what specimens might be required, any compensation, payments or insurance, risks and benefits, discomforts, possible complications - then ask for participation.
4. Reassurance is necessary. Emphasise that participation in the study is completely voluntary, that one may decline (a softer word than refuse) to participate without penalty, that one may change one's mind later and withdraw from the study without any penalty or having to give reasons. Describe how confidentiality will be ensured, and explain what will be done if you find an abnormality. Take great care to reassure parents that no child will be forced to participate, even if a parent has given permission for participation. Remember that if children are able to understand what will be done, they must give assent as well. The parent should be the judge of the ability to understand.
5. Offer your intended participant the chance to obtain more information; for example, give the name and telephone number of a contact person. If there are any risks in your study, this is not optional - it must be done.
6. Be polite and friendly; do remember that everybody has freedom to participate - this is the principle of autonomy, a cornerstone of ethics.

Here is an example. It's not perfect; nothing ever is, but it should help.

Hello

We are scientists from the Medical Research Council and we are investigating the quality of the food that Western Cape children eat. Do you think diet has any effect on school results? This is what we'd like to find out.

Why are we doing this? Research in developing countries in South America and Asia has shown that if energy and certain mineral intakes are low, children are sick more often, they miss school and their marks are not as good as they might be. We don't know if this is true in the Western Cape, so will be grateful if you and your children will participate in a study to examine this.

What do we expect from participants in the study? We think that if the amount of iron in the diet is increased slightly, minor illnesses such as colds and influenza may be less common. Your child's school has been selected because earlier studies there have shown that the iron intake of the children may be lower than it should be.

With the help of a biscuit company, we have developed a biscuit that is fortified (made healthier) with a little iron, but it looks and tastes just like the ordinary biscuit. We want to compare the effects of the two biscuits that taste exactly the same. One will contain some iron and the other will not. To do this, we will shuffle names of all participating children and place the names into two groups. One group will get the fortified biscuit and the other group will get the ordinary biscuit. Every school day for a full school year teachers will give out the biscuits, which will be in packets marked with the particular child's name. Only the people who packed the biscuits will know what is in each packet. What type of biscuit is being eaten by each particular child is recorded separately and this information will be kept secret until the very end of the study when the code will be broken. Records will be kept of attendance at school and of any illnesses.

In addition, we need to measure the iron levels in the blood of each participating child, before the study begins, and at the end. Nursing sisters will take one 5ml (1 teaspoon) sample at the two occasions provided that the child agrees. Sterile (free of germs), disposable equipment will be used once only, so there is no chance of any transfer of infection from one child to another. The technique is safe and there is only a slight prick as the needle is placed through the skin. To lessen the discomfort of this prick, a local anaesthetic ointment will be used on the skin. Over the years we have sampled blood from many thousands of children in this way without any problems.

May you withdraw your child from the study? Certainly, you may do this at any time without having to give a reason. Remember that the study is completely voluntary. Not taking part in it, or withdrawing from it, carries no adverse consequence of any sort - schooling will not be influenced. Your child will be asked to agree (assent) to take part in the study.

If you have any queries, more information may be obtained from Doctor AN Other at telephone number (021) 123-4567.

If you are happy to allow your child to take part in the study, please read and sign the attached consent form.

Thank you
Dr AN Other